Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease
Volume 7, Issue 4 , Pages 219-225 , July 2009

Meningococcal disease and prevention at the Hajj

Received 30 April 2009 ,Accepted 5 May 2009.

References 

  1. Vedros NA, Genus I. Neisseria. In:  Holt JG editors. Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Baltimore & London: Williams & Wilkins; 1984;p. 290–296
  2. Branham SE. Serological relationships among meningococci. Bacteriol Rev. 1953;17:175–188
  3. Vedros NA. Development of meningococcal serogroups. In:  Vedros NA editors. Evolution of meningococcal disease. Roca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc.; 1987;p. 33–37
  4. Abdillahi H, Poolman JT. Typing of group-B Neisseria meningitidis with monoclonal antibodies in the whole-cell ELISA. J Med Microbiol. 1988;26:177–180
  5. Abdillahi H, Poolman JT. Neisseria meningitidis group B serosubtyping using monoclonal antibodies in whole-cell ELISA. Microb Pathog. 1988;4:27–32
  6. Abdillahi H, Poolman JT. Definition of meningococcal class 1 OMP subtyping antigens by monoclonal antibodies. FEMS Microbiol Immunol. 1988;1:139–144
  7. Frasch CE, Zollinger WD, Poolman JT. Serotype antigens of Neisseria meningitidis and a proposed scheme for designation of serotypes. Rev Infect Dis. 1985;7:504–510
  8. Tsai CM, Frasch CE, Mocca LF. Five structural classes of major outer membrane proteins in Neisseria meningitidis. J Bacteriol. 1981;146:69–78
  9. Scholten RJ, Kuipers B, Valkenburg HA, Dankert J, Zollinger WD, Poolman JT. Lipo-oligosaccharide immunotyping of Neisseria meningitidis by a whole-cell ELISA with monoclonal antibodies. J Med Microbiol. 1994;41:236–243
  10. Maiden MC, Bygraves JA, Feil E, Morelli G, Russell JE, Urwin R, et al. Multilocus sequence typing: a portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:3140–3145
  11. Cartwright KA, Jones DM, Smith AJ, Stuart JM, Kaczmarski EB, Palmer SR. Influenza A and meningococcal disease. Lancet. 1991;338:554–557
  12. Harrison LH, Armstrong CW, Jenkins SR, Harmon MW, Ajello GW, Miller GB, et al. A cluster of meningococcal disease on a school bus following epidemic influenza. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:1005–1009
  13. Moore PS, Hierholzer J, DeWitt W, Gouan K, Djoré D, Lippeveld T, et al. Respiratory viruses and Mycoplasma as cofactors for epidemic group A meningococcal meningitis. JAMA. 1990;264:1271–1275[see comments]
  14. Fischer M, Hedberg K, Cardosi P, Cardosi P, Plikaytis BD, Hoesly FC, et al. Tobacco smoke as a risk factor for meningococcal disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997;16:979–983
  15. MacLennan J, Kafatos G, Neal K, Andrews N, Cameron JC, Roberts R, et al. United Kingdom Meningococcal Carriage Group Social behavior and meningococcal carriage in British teenagers. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:950–957
  16. Hodgson A, Smith T, Gagneux S, Adjuik M, Pluschke G, Mensah NK, et al. Risk factors for meningococcal meningitis in northern Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001;95:477–480
  17. Harrison LH, Kreiner CJ, Shutt KA, Messonnier NE, O'Leary M, Stefonek KR, et al. Meningococcal High School Study Group Risk factors for meningococcal disease in students in grades 9–12. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:193–199
  18. Cookson ST, Corrales JL, Lotero JO, Regueira M, Binsztein N, Reeves MW, et al. Disco fever: epidemic meningococcal disease in northeastern Argentina associated with disco patronage. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:266–269
  19. Jolly K, Stewart G. Epidemiology and diagnosis of meningitis: results of a five-year prospective, population-based study. Commun Dis Public Health. 2001;4:124–129
  20. Rosenstein NE, Perkins BA, Stephens DS, Popovic T, Hughes JM. Meningococcal disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1378–1388
  21. World Health Organization . Health conditions for travellers to Saudi Arabia for the pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2008;83:413–415
  22. Nathan N, Borel T, Djibo A, Evans D, Djibo S, Corty JF, et al. Ceftriaxone as effective as long-acting chloramphenicol in short-course treatment of meningococcal meningitis during epidemics: a randomised non-inferiority study. Lancet. 2005;366:308–313
  23. Manchanda V, Gupta S, Bhalla P. Meningococcal disease: history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, antimicrobial susceptibility and prevention. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2006;24:7–19
  24. Granoff DM, Harrison LH, Borrow R. Meningococcal vaccines. In:  Plotkin SA,  Offit P,  Orenstein WA editor. Vaccines. 5th ed.. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2008;p. 399–434
  25. Campagne G, Garba A, Fabre P, Schuchat A, Ryall R, Boulanger D, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of three doses of a Neisseria meningitidis A + C diphtheria conjugate vaccine in infants from Niger. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:144–150
  26. Maslanka SE, Tappero JW, Plikaytis BD, Brumberg RS, Dykes JK, Gheesling LL, et al. Age-dependent Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C class-specific antibody concentrations and bactericidal titers in sera from young children from Montana immunized with a licensed polysaccharide vaccine. Infect Immun. 1998;66:2453–2459
  27. Al-Mazrou YY, Khalil M, Borrow R, Balmer P, Bramwell J, Lal G, et al. Immunogenicity of a meningococcal ACYW135 polysaccharide vaccine in Saudi children aged under 5 years. Infect Immun. 2005;73:2932–2939
  28. Khalil M, AlMazrou Y, Balmer P, Bramwell J, Andrews N, Borrow R. Immunogenicity of meningococcal ACYW135 polysaccharide vaccine in Saudi Children aged 5 to 9 years. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005;12:1251–1253
  29. Jokhdar H, Borrow R, Sultan A, Adi M, Riley C, Fuller E, et al. Immunologic hyporesponsiveness to serogroup C but not serogroup A following repeated meningococcal A/C polysaccharide vaccination in Saudi Arabia. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2004;11:83–88
  30. Zangwill KM, Stout RW, Carlone GM, Pais L, Harekeh H, Mitchell S, et al. Duration of antibody response after meningococcal polysaccharide vaccination in US Air Force personnel. J Infect Dis. 1994;169:847–852
  31. Espín Ríos I, García-Fulgueíras A, Navarro Alonso JA, Vazquez Moreno J, Rodriguez Gonzalez T, Navarro Sánchez C, et al. Seroconversion and duration of immunity after vaccination against group C meningococcal infection in young children. Vaccine. 2000;18:2656–2660
  32. Richmond P, Borrow R, Findlow J, Martin S, Thornton C, Cartwright K, et al. Evaluation of de-O-acetylated meningococcal C polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in infancy: reactogenicity, immunogenicity, immunologic priming and bactericidal activity against O-acetylated and de-O-acetylated serogroup C strains. Infect Immun. 2001;69:2378–2382
  33. Miller E, Salisbury D, Ramsay M. Planning, registration, and implementation of an immunisation campaign against meningococcal serogroup C disease in the UK: a success story. Vaccine. 2001;(20 Suppl. 1):S58–S67
  34. Borrow R, Miller E. Long-term protection in children with meningococcal C conjugate vaccination: lessons learned. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2006;5:851–857
  35. Hassan-King MK, Wall RA, Greenwood BM. Meningococcal carriage, meningococcal disease and vaccination. J Infect. 1988;16:55–59
  36. Maiden M, Stuart J for the United Kingdom Meningococcal Carriage Group. Reduced carriage of serogroup C meningococci in teenagers one year after the introduction of meningococcal C conjugate polysaccharide vaccine in the United Kingdom. Lancet. 2002;359:1829–1831
  37. Trotter CL Andrews NJ, Kaczmarski EB, Miller E, Ramsay ME. Effectiveness of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine 4 years after introduction. Lancet. 2004;364:365–367
  38. Kshirsagar N, Mur N, Thatte U, Gogtay N, Viviani S, Preziosi M-P, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a new meningococcal group A conjugate vaccine in healthy Indian adults. Vaccine. 2007;25S:A101–A107
  39. Bilukha OO, Rosenstein N. Prevention and control of meningococcal disease. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005;54:1–21
  40. National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) . Statement on conjugate meningococcal vaccine for serogroups A, C, Y and W135. An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS). Can Commun Dis Rep. 2007;33:1–23
  41. Pichichero M, Casey J, Blatter M, Rothstein E, Ryall R, Bybel M, et al. Comparative trial of the safety and immunogenicity of quadrivalent (A, C, Y, W-135) meningococcal polysaccharide-diphtheria conjugate vaccine versus quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine in two- to ten-year-old children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:57–62
  42. Al-Mazrou Y, Khalil M, Bravo C, Bosch V, Johnson D, Findlow H, et al. Meningococcal conjugate vs. meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Saudi Arabian adolescents previously vaccinated with multiple doses of meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Abstract O002. 10th European Monitoring Group for Meningococci (EMGM), Manchester, UK; June 17th to 19th 2009.
  43. Khalil M, Al-Mazrou Y, Bravo C, Bosch V, Johnson D, Findlow H, et al. Response to quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine in Saudi Arabian children who previously received 2 doses of quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine before 2 years of age. Abstract P008. 10th European Monitoring Group for Meningococci (EMGM), Manchester, UK; June 17th to 19th 2009.
  44. Moore PS, Reeves MW, Schwartz B, Gellin BG, Broome CV. Intercontinential spread of an epidemic group A Neisseria meningitidis strain. Lancet. 1989;2:260–263
  45. Jones DM, Sutcliffe EM. Group A meningococcal disease in England associated with the Haj. J Infect. 1990;21:21–25
  46. Moore PS, Harrison LH, Telzak EE, Ajello GW, Broome CV. Group A meningococcal carriage in travelers returning from Saudi Arabia. JAMA. 1988;260:2686–2689
  47. al-Gahtani YM, el Bushra HE, al-Qarawi SM, al-Zubaidi AA, Fontaine RE. Epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of meningococcal meningitis in Makkah (Mecca), Saudi Arabia, 1992. Epidemiol Infect. 1995;115:399–409
  48. Bushra HE, Mawlawi MY, Fontaine RE, Afif H. Meningococcal meningitis group A: a successful control of an outbreak by mass vaccination. East Afr Med J. 1995;72:715–718
  49. Luo N, Perera C, Holton J, Ayles H, Zumla A. Spread of Neisseria meningitidis group A clone III-I meningitis epidemic into Zambia. J Infect. 1998;36:141–143
  50. Al-Salman S, El Bushra HE. Meningitis in Makkah, January–April 1997. Saudi Epidemiol Bull. 1998;5:2–7
  51. Hajjeh RA, Lingappa J. Meningococcal disease in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: an evaluation of disease surveillance and control after an outbreak of serogroup W-135 meningococcal disease. CDC Report; June 30–July 23, 2000.
  52. Memish ZA. Meningococcal disease and travel. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:84–90
  53. Aguilera JF, Perrocheau A, Meffre C, Hahné S W135 Working Group. Outbreak of serogroup W135 meningococcal disease after the Hajj pilgrimage, Europe, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:761–767
  54. Taha MK, Achtman M, Alonso JM, Greenwood B, Ramsay M, Fox A, et al. Serogroup W135 meningococcal disease in Hajj pilgrims. Lancet. 2000;356:2159
  55. Popovic T, Sacchi CT, Reeves MW, Whitney AM, Mayer LW, Noble CA, et al. Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135 isolates associated with the ET-37 complex. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000;6:428–429
  56. Mölling P, Bäckman A, Olcén P, Fredlund H. Comparison of serogroup W-135 meningococci isolated in Sweden during a 23-year period and those associated with a recent hajj pilgrimage. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:2695–2699
  57. Hahné SJ, Gray SJ, Jean-François , Aguilera , Crowcroft NS, Nichols T, et al. W135 meningococcal disease in England and Wales associated with Hajj 2000 and 2001. Lancet. 2002;359:582–583
  58. Wilder-Smith A, Goh KT, Barkham T, Paton NI. Hajj-associated outbreak strain of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135: estimates of the attack rate in a defined population and the risk of invasive disease developing in carriers. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:679–683
  59. Anonymous . Meningococcal vaccines: polysaccharide and polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2002;77:331–339
  60. Al-Mazrou YY, Musa EK, Abdalla MN, Al-Jeffri MH, Al-Hajjar SH, Mohamed OM. Disease burden and case management of bacterial meningitis among children under 5 years of age in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2003;24:1300–1307
  61. Wilder-Smith A, Barkham TMS, Chew SK, Paton NI. Absence of Neisseria meningitidis W135 electrophoretic type 37 during the Hajj 2002. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:734–737
  62. El Bashir H, Coen PG, Haworth E, Taylor S, Mifsud A, El Baki A, et al. Meningococcal W135 carriage; enhanced surveillance amongst east London Muslim pilgrims and their household contacts before and after attending the 2002 Hajj. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2004;2:13–15
  63. Perrett KP, Snape MD, Ford KJ, John TM, Yu LM, Langley JM, et al. Immunogenicity and immune memory of a nonadjuvanted quadrivalent meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccine in infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:186–193

PII: S1477-8939(09)00083-0

doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2009.05.003

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease
Volume 7, Issue 4 , Pages 219-225 , July 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution