Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease
Volume 8, Issue 1 , Pages 1-12 , January 2010

Avian influenza – A review for doctors in travel medicine

  • W.R.J. Taylor

      Affiliations

    • Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious and Tropical Medicine, 78 Giai Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam
    • Service de Médecine Internationale et Humanitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, rue Micheli-du-Crest 24, 1211, Genève 14, Switzerland
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. MORU, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Tel.: +66 22036333.
  • ,
  • E. Burhan

      Affiliations

    • Departemen Pulmonologi dan Ilmu Kedokteran Respirasi FKUI, Rumah Sakit Persahabatan, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • ,
  • H. Wertheim

      Affiliations

    • Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious and Tropical Medicine, 78 Giai Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  • ,
  • P.Z. Soepandi

      Affiliations

    • Departemen Pulmonologi dan Ilmu Kedokteran Respirasi FKUI, Rumah Sakit Persahabatan, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • ,
  • P. Horby

      Affiliations

    • Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious and Tropical Medicine, 78 Giai Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  • ,
  • A. Fox

      Affiliations

    • Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious and Tropical Medicine, 78 Giai Street, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  • ,
  • R. Benamore

      Affiliations

    • Surgery and Diagnostics Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
  • ,
  • L. de Simone

      Affiliations

    • Geo-Spatial Analyst Infectious Diseases/EMPRES Group, Food and Agriculture Organization, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy
  • ,
  • T.T. Hien

      Affiliations

    • Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
  • ,
  • F. Chappuis

      Affiliations

    • Service de Médecine Internationale et Humanitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, rue Micheli-du-Crest 24, 1211, Genève 14, Switzerland

Received 29 October 2009 ,Revised 10 November 2009 ,Accepted 10 November 2009.

References 

  1. Peiris JS, de Jong MD, Guan Y. Avian influenza virus (H5N1): a threat to human health. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007;20(2):243–267
  2. Legionnaire's disease. Lancet. 1977;1(8025):1295–1296
  3. Parashar UD, Anderson LJ. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: review and lessons of the 2003 outbreak. Int J Epidemiol. 2004;33(4):628–634
  4. Duchin JS, Koster FT, Peters CJ, Simpson GL, Tempest B, Zaki SR, et al. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: a clinical description of 17 patients with a newly recognized disease. The Hantavirus Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(14):949–955
  5. Ungchusak K, Auewarakul P, Dowell SF, Kitphati R, Auwanit W, Puthavathana P, et al. Probable person-to-person transmission of avian influenza A (H5N1). N Engl J Med. 2005;352(4):333–340
  6. Khan K, Arino J, Hu W, Raposo P, Sears J, Calderon F, et al. Spread of a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus via global airline transportation. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(2):212–214
  7. Yuen KY, Chan PK, Peiris M, Tsang DN, Que TL, Shortridge KF, et al. Clinical features and rapid viral diagnosis of human disease associated with avian influenza A H5N1 virus. Lancet. 1998;351(9101):467–471
  8. Woo PC, Lau SK, Yuen KY. Infectious diseases emerging from Chinese wet-markets: zoonotic origins of severe respiratory viral infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2006;19(5):401–407
  9. Taubenberger JK, Morens DM. 1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(1):15–22
  10. Tumpey TM, Garcia-Sastre A, Taubenberger JK, Palese P, Swayne DE, Basler CF. Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(9):3166–3171
  11. Tumpey TM, Garcia-Sastre A, Taubenberger JK, Palese P, Swayne DE, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, et al. Pathogenicity of influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus: functional roles of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils in limiting virus replication and mortality in mice. J Virol. 2005;79(23):14933–14944
  12. Kobasa D, Jones SM, Shinya K, Kash JC, Copps J, Ebihara H, et al. Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus. Nature. 2007;445(7125):319–323
  13. Watanabe T, Watanabe S, Shinya K, Kim JH, Hatta M, Kawaoka Y. Viral RNA polymerase complex promotes optimal growth of 1918 virus in the lower respiratory tract of ferrets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(2):588–592
  14. Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS. Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: implications for pandemic influenza preparedness. J Infect Dis. 2008;198(7):962–970
  15. Anderson RM. How well are we managing the influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in the UK?. BMJ. 2009;339:b2897
  16. Perez-Padilla R, de la Rosa-Zamboni D, Ponce de Leon S, Hernandez M, Quinones-Falconi F, Bautista E, et al. Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(7):680–689
  17. Garten RJ, Davis CT, Russell CA, Shu B, Lindstrom S, Balish A, et al. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science. 2009;325(5937):197–201
  18. Thanawongnuwech R, Amonsin A, Tantilertcharoen R, Damrongwatanapokin S, Theamboonlers A, Payungporn S, et al. Probable tiger-to-tiger transmission of avian influenza H5N1. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(5):699–701
  19. Jones SR. Potential complications of influenza A infections. West J Med. 1976;125(5):341–346
  20. Chow A, Ma S, Ling AE, Chew SK. Influenza-associated deaths in tropical Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(1):114–121
  21. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, Anderson LJ, et al. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. JAMA. 2003;289(2):179–186
  22. Sedyaningsih ER, Isfandari S, Setiawaty V, Rifati L, Harun S, Purba W, et al. Epidemiology of cases of H5N1 virus infection in Indonesia, July 2005–June 2006. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(4):522–527
  23. Beigel JH, Farrar J, Han AM, Hayden FG, Hyer R, de Jong MD, et al. Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(13):1374–1385
  24. Oner AF, Bay A, Arslan S, Akdeniz H, Sahin HA, Cesur Y, et al. Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in eastern Turkey in 2006. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(21):2179–2185
  25. Dinh PN, Long HT, Tien NT, Hien NT, Mai le TQ, Phong le H, et al. Risk factors for human infection with avian influenza A H5N1, Vietnam, 2004. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(12):1841–1847
  26. Kandun IN, Tresnaningsih E, Purba WH, Lee V, Samaan G, Harun S, et al. Factors associated with case fatality of human H5N1 virus infections in Indonesia: a case series. Lancet. 2008;372(9640):744–749
  27. Liem NT, Tung CV, Hien ND, Hien TT, Chau NQ, Long HT, et al. Clinical features of human influenza A (H5N1) infection in Vietnam: 2004–2006. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(12):1639–1646
  28. Yu H, Gao Z, Feng Z, Shu Y, Xiang N, Zhou L, et al. Clinical characteristics of 26 human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in China. PLoS ONE. 2008;3(8):e2985
  29. Giriputro S, Agus R, Sulastri S, Murniati D, Darwis F, Wiweka IB, et al. Clinical and epidemiological features of patients with confirmed avian influenza presenting to Sulianti Saroso Infectious Diseases Hospital, Indonesia, 2005–2007. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2008;37(6):454–457
  30. Soepandi PZ, Burhan E, Mangunnegoro H, Nawas A, Aditama TY, Partakusuma L, et al., in press.
  31. Ellis CJ, Eykyn SJ, Watkins P, Bell M, Geddes AM. Malaria in Birmingham and a London teaching hospital. BMJ. 1979;1(6160):385–388
  32. Viani RM, Bromberg K. Pediatric imported malaria in New York: delayed diagnosis. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1999;38(6):333–337
  33. Chotpitayasunondh T, Ungchusak K, Hanshaoworakul W, Chunsuthiwat S, Sawanpanyalert P, Kijphati R, et al. Human disease from influenza A (H5N1), Thailand, 2004. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(2):201–209
  34. Tran TH, Nguyen TL, Nguyen TD, Luong TS, Pham PM, Nguyen VC, et al. Avian influenza A (H5N1) in 10 patients in Vietnam. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(12):1179–1188
  35. Abdel-Ghafar AN, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, Hayden FG, Nguyen DH, de Jong MD, et al. Update on avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in humans. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(3):261–273
  36. de Jong MD, Bach VC, Phan TQ, Vo MH, Tran TT, Nguyen BH, et al. Fatal avian influenza A (H5N1) in a child presenting with diarrhea followed by coma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(7):686–691
  37. Apisarnthanarak A, Kitphati R, Thongphubeth K, Patoomanunt P, Anthanont P, Auwanit W, et al. Atypical avian influenza (H5N1). Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1321–1324
  38. Taylor FB, Toh CH, Hoots WK, Wada H, Levi M. Towards definition, clinical and laboratory criteria, and a scoring system for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Haemost. 2001;86(5):1327–1330
  39. Porcel JM, Light RW. Diagnostic approach to pleural effusion in adults. Am Fam Phys. 2006;73(7):1211–1220
  40. Bay A, Etlik O, Oner AF, Unal O, Arslan H, Bora A, et al. Radiological and clinical course of pneumonia in patients with avian influenza H5N1. Eur J Radiol. 2007;61(2):245–250
  41. Qureshi NR, Hien TT, Farrar J, Gleeson FV. The radiologic manifestations of H5N1 avian influenza. J Thorac Imag. 2006;21(4):259–264
  42. de Jong MD, Simmons CP, Thanh TT, Hien VM, Smith GJ, Chau TN, et al. Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated with high viral load and hypercytokinemia. Nat Med. 2006;12(10):1203–1207
  43. Vong S, Ly S, Mardy S, Holl D, Buchy P. Environmental contamination during influenza A virus (H5N1) outbreaks, Cambodia, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(8):1303–1305
  44. Brown JD, Swayne DE, Cooper RJ, Burns RE, Stallknecht DE. Persistence of H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses in water. Avian Dis. 2007;51(1 Suppl.):285–289
  45. Ly S, Van Kerkhove MD, Holl D, Froehlich Y, Vong S. Interaction between humans and poultry, rural Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(1):130–132
  46. Yu H, Feng Z, Zhang X, Xiang N, Huai Y, Zhou L, et al. Human influenza A (H5N1) cases, urban areas of People's Republic of China, 2005–2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(7):1061–1064
  47. Mounts AW, Kwong H, Izurieta HS, Ho Y, Au T, Lee M, et al. Case–control study of risk factors for avian influenza A (H5N1) disease, Hong Kong, 1997. J Infect Dis. 1999;180(2):505–508
  48. Zhou L, Liao Q, Dong L, Huai Y, Bai T, Xiang N, et al. Risk factors for human illness with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in China. J Infect Dis. 2009;199(12):1726–1734
  49. Wang H, Feng Z, Shu Y, Yu H, Zhou L, Zu R, et al. Probable limited person-to-person transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in China. Lancet. 2008;371(9622):1427–1434
  50. Apisarnthanarak A, Erb S, Stephenson I, Katz JM, Chittaganpitch M, Sangkitporn S, et al. Seroprevalence of anti-H5 antibody among Thai health care workers after exposure to avian influenza (H5N1) in a tertiary care center. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(2):e16–e18
  51. Buxton Bridges C, Katz JM, Seto WH, Chan PK, Tsang D, Ho W, et al. Risk of influenza A (H5N1) infection among health care workers exposed to patients with influenza A (H5N1), Hong Kong. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(1):344–348
  52. Liem NT, Lim W. Lack of H5N1 avian influenza transmission to hospital employees, Hanoi, 2004. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(2):210–215
  53. Tellier R. Review of aerosol transmission of influenza A virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(11):1657–1662
  54. Koopmans M, Wilbrink B, Conyn M, Natrop G, van der Nat H, Vennema H, et al. Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. Lancet. 2004;363(9409):587–593
  55. Fouchier RA, Schneeberger PM, Rozendaal FW, Broekman JM, Kemink SA, Munster V, et al. Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(5):1356–1361
  56. Palache B, Krause R. Progress with human H5N1 vaccines: a perspective from industry. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2009;8(4):391–400
  57. Sturm-Ramirez KM, Hulse-Post DJ, Govorkova EA, Humberd J, Seiler P, Puthavathana P, et al. Are ducks contributing to the endemicity of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in Asia?. J Virol. 2005;79(17):11269–11279
  58. Martinez L, Blanc L, Nunn P, Raviglione M. Tuberculosis and air travel: WHO guidance in the era of drug-resistant TB. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2008;6(4):177–181
  59. Mangili A, Gendreau MA. Transmission of infectious diseases during commercial air travel. Lancet. 2005;365(9463):989–996
  60. Neira-Munoz E, Smith J, Cockcroft P, Basher D, Abubakar I. Extensive transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among children on a school bus. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27(9):835–837
  61. Moore M, Valway SE, Ihle W, Onorato IM. A train passenger with pulmonary tuberculosis: evidence of limited transmission during travel. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28(1):52–56
  62. Ryan ET, Wilson ME, Kain KC. Illness after international travel. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(7):505–516
  63. Doherty JF, Grant AD, Bryceson AD. Fever as the presenting complaint of travellers returning from the tropics. QJM. 1995;88(4):277–281
  64. Taylor WR, Canon V, White NJ. Pulmonary manifestations of malaria: recognition and management. Treat Respir Med. 2006;5(6):419–428
  65. Buczko GB, McLean J. Typhoid fever associated with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest. 1994;105(6):1873–1874
  66. Thammakumpee K, Silpapojakul K, Borrirak B. Leptospirosis and its pulmonary complications. Respirology. 2005;10(5):656–659
  67. Wang CC, Liu SF, Liu JW, Chung YH, Su MC, Lin MC. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in scrub typhus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;76(6):1148–1152
  68. Currie BJ. Melioidosis: an important cause of pneumonia in residents of and travellers returned from endemic regions. Eur Respir J. 2003;22(3):542–550
  69. Ortiz JR, Wallis TR, Katz MA, Berman LS, Balish A, Lindstrom SE, et al. No evidence of avian influenza A (H5N1) among returning US travelers. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(2):294–297
  70. Charlton B, Crossley B, Hietala S. Conventional and future diagnostics for avian influenza. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;
  71. Curran MD, Ellis JS, Wreghitt TG, Zambon MC. Establishment of a UK national influenza H5 laboratory network. J Med Microbiol. 2007;56(Pt 10):1263–1267
  72. de Jong MD, Tran TT, Truong HK, Vo MH, Smith GJ, Nguyen VC, et al. Oseltamivir resistance during treatment of influenza A (H5N1) infection. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(25):2667–2672
  73. Le MT, Wertheim HF, Nguyen HD, Taylor W, Hoang PV, Vuong CD, et al. Influenza A H5N1 clade 2.3.4 virus with a different antiviral susceptibility profile replaced clade 1 virus in humans in northern Vietnam. PLoS ONE. 2008;3(10):e3339
  74. Hurt AC, Selleck P, Komadina N, Shaw R, Brown L, Barr IG. Susceptibility of highly pathogenic A(H5N1) avian influenza viruses to the neuraminidase inhibitors and adamantanes. Antivir Res. 2007;73(3):228–231
  75. McKimm-Breschkin JL, Selleck PW, Usman TB, Johnson MA. Reduced sensitivity of influenza A (H5N1) to oseltamivir. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(9):1354–1357
  76. Lee J, Song YJ, Park JH, Lee JH, Baek YH, Song MS, et al. Emergence of amantadine-resistant H3N2 avian influenza A virus in South Korea. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(11):3788–3790
  77. Cheung CL, Rayner JM, Smith GJ, Wang P, Naipospos TS, Zhang J, et al. Distribution of amantadine-resistant H5N1 avian influenza variants in Asia. J Infect Dis. 2006;193(12):1626–1629
  78. He G, Qiao J, Dong C, He C, Zhao L, Tian Y. Amantadine-resistance among H5N1 avian influenza viruses isolated in Northern China. Antivir Res. 2008;77(1):72–76
  79. Hurt AC, Ernest J, Deng YM, Iannello P, Besselaar TG, Birch C, et al. Emergence and spread of oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1) influenza viruses in Oceania, South East Asia and South Africa. Antivir Res. 2009;83(1):90–93
  80. Hurt AC, Holien JK, Barr IG. In vitro generation of neuraminidase inhibitor resistance in A(H5N1) influenza viruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(10):4433–4440
  81. Abed Y, Nehme B, Baz M, Boivin G. Activity of the neuraminidase inhibitor A-315675 against oseltamivir-resistant influenza neuraminidases of N1 and N2 subtypes. Antivir Res. 2008;77(2):163–166
  82. Zambon M, Hayden FG. Position statement: global neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility network. Antivir Res. 2001;49(3):147–156
  83. Hayden F, Klimov A, Tashiro M, Hay A, Monto A, McKimm-Breschkin J, et al. Neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility network position statement: antiviral resistance in influenza A/H5N1 viruses. Antivir Ther. 2005;10(8):873–877
  84. Smee DF, Hurst BL, Wong MH, Bailey KW, Morrey JD. Effects of double combinations of amantadine, oseltamivir, and ribavirin on influenza A (H5N1) virus infections in cell culture and in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(5):2120–2128
  85. Ilyushina NA, Hoffmann E, Salomon R, Webster RG, Govorkova EA. Amantadine–oseltamivir combination therapy for H5N1 influenza virus infection in mice. Antivir Ther. 2007;12(3):363–370
  86. Schunemann HJ, Hill SR, Kakad M, Bellamy R, Uyeki TM, Hayden FG, et al. WHO rapid advice guidelines for pharmacological management of sporadic human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7(1):21–31
  87. Ilyushina NA, Bovin NV, Webster RG, Govorkova EA. Combination chemotherapy, a potential strategy for reducing the emergence of drug-resistant influenza A variants. Antivir Res. 2006;70(3):121–131
  88. Taylor WR, Thinh BN, Anh GT, Horby P, Wertheim H, Lindegardh N, et al. Oseltamivir is adequately absorbed following nasogastric administration to adult patients with severe H5N1 influenza. PLoS ONE. 2008;3(10):e3410
  89. He G, Massarella J, Ward P. Clinical pharmacokinetics of the prodrug oseltamivir and its active metabolite Ro 64-0802. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1999;37(6):471–484
  90. Robson R, Buttimore A, Lynn K, Brewster M, Ward P. The pharmacokinetics and tolerability of oseltamivir suspension in patients on haemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2006;21(9):2556–2562
  91. Drinka PJ, Haupt T. Emergence of rimantadine-resistant virus within 6 days of starting rimantadine prophylaxis with oseltamivir treatment of symptomatic cases. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(6):923–926
  92. Suzuki H, Saito R, Masuda H, Oshitani H, Sato M, Sato I. Emergence of amantadine-resistant influenza A viruses: epidemiological study. J Infect Chemother. 2003;9(3):195–200
  93. Shiraishi K, Mitamura K, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Goto H, Sugaya N, Kawaoka Y. High frequency of resistant viruses harboring different mutations in amantadine-treated children with influenza. J Infect Dis. 2003;188(1):57–61
  94. Hayden FG, Hoffman HE, Spyker DA. Differences in side effects of amantadine hydrochloride and rimantadine hydrochloride relate to differences in pharmacokinetics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1983;23(3):458–464
  95. Guay DR. Amantadine and rimantadine prophylaxis of influenza A in nursing homes. A tolerability perspective. Drugs Aging. 1994;5(1):8–19
  96. Geskey JM, Thomas NJ. Amantadine penetration into cerebrospinal fluid of a child with influenza A encephalitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23(3):270–272
  97. Spector R. Transport of amantadine and rimantadine through the blood-brain barrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1988;244(2):516–519
  98. Horadam VW, Sharp JG, Smilack JD, McAnalley BH, Garriott JC, Stephens MK, et al. Pharmacokinetics of amantadine hydrochloride in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. Ann Intern Med. 1981;94(4 Pt 1):454–458
  99. Morrison D, Roy S, Rayner C, Amer A, Howard D, Smith JR, et al. A randomized, crossover study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of amantadine and oseltamivir administered alone and in combination. PLoS ONE. 2007;2(12):e1305
  100. Nora JJ, Nora AH, Way GL. Letter: cardiovascular maldevelopment associated with maternal exposure to amantadine. Lancet. 1975;2(7935):607
  101. Pandit PB, Chitayat D, Jefferies AL, Landes A, Qamar IU, Koren G. Tibial hemimelia and tetralogy of Fallot associated with first trimester exposure to amantadine. Reprod Toxicol. 1994;8(1):89–92
  102. Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, Carlet J, Falke K, Hudson L, et al. Report of the American-European consensus conference on ARDS: definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes and clinical trial coordination. The Consensus Committee Intens Care Med. 1994;20(3):225–232
  103. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, Bion J, Parker MM, Jaeschke R, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(1):296–327
  104. Luke TC, Kilbane EM, Jackson JL, Hoffman SL. Meta-analysis: convalescent blood products for Spanish influenza pneumonia: a future H5N1 treatment?. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(8):599–609
  105. Simmons CP, Bernasconi NL, Suguitan AL, Mills K, Ward JM, Chau NV, et al. Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of human monoclonal antibodies against H5N1 influenza. PLoS Med. 2007;4(5):e178
  106. Schultsz C, Dong VC, Chau NV, Le NT, Lim W, Thanh TT, et al. Avian influenza H5N1 and healthcare workers. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(7):1158–1159
  107. Govorkova EA, Ilyushina NA, McClaren JL, Naipospos TS, Douangngeun B, Webster RG. Susceptibility of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir differs in vitro and in a mouse model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(7):3088–3096

PII: S1477-8939(09)00162-8

doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2009.11.006

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease
Volume 8, Issue 1 , Pages 1-12 , January 2010