Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease RSS feed: Articles in Press. The journal will publish original papers and invited reviews covering all aspects of travel medicine and infectious disease. These will include the epidemiology and surveillance of travel-related infectious disease, vaccine-preventable disease, illness in returning travellers, aviation medicine including psychological aspects, environmental hazards of travel, practical clinical issues for travellers, tropical medicine and tropical skin disease and general aspects of travel medicine and infectious disease. The journal will also bring together knowledge from different specialties involved in the research and clinical practice of travel medicine and infectious disease. The journal will publish topical leading academic reviews and opinion papers, original articles and case reports as well as a correspondence section.http://www.travelmedicinejournal.com//inpress?rss=yesElsevier Inc.en © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease1477-89392010-07-23 © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. healthpermissions@elsevier.comhttp://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/article/PIIS1477893910001018/abstract?rss=yesSummary: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an important and severe neurological illness occurring in large areas of Europe and northern Asia. Only a small proportion of those infected develop clinical symptoms. The symptomatic cases are, however, characterized with fevers and debilitating encephalitis that might progress into chronic disease or fatal infections. This review summarizes data on clinical presentation, pathogenesis and pathology of TBE in humans, and of experimental TBE in animal models with the purpose to explain why is TBE such a severe disease clinically.Tick-borne encephalitis: Pathogenesis and clinical implications - Corrected ProofDaniel Růžek, Gerhard Dobler, Oliver Donoso Mantke10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.06.004Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2010)2010-07-23Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease2010-07-23http://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/article/PIIS1477893910000992/abstract?rss=yesSince the end of March 2010, Iceland and the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull volcano have figured prominently in the global media. Recent headlines have highlighted the disruption created by Eyjafjallajökull’s volcanic ash blowing over Europe and the decision of civil aviation authorities to close down airports throughout most of the continent. The airline industry claims approximate losses of USD $200 million for each day they are grounded and countless numbers of travelers have been left stranded for days and weeks. There is little question that the travel chaos increased the travel stress of the stranded travelers. However, a less told story of Eyjafjallajökull is that prior to the volcanic ash emissions from the second eruption of the volcano on April 14, Iceland was merely enjoying its latest tourist attraction. For example, after the first eruption on March 20 created volcanic fissures and scenic lava flows down the mountainous volcano, tourist bookings were up nearly 20% as tourists flocked to see the volcano come to life.Volcanoes and travel medicine - Corrected ProofTravis W. Heggie10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.06.002Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2010)2010-07-15Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease2010-07-15EDITORIALhttp://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/article/PIIS1477893910000980/abstract?rss=yesSummary: Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba commonly found in warm freshwater environments such as hot springs, lakes, natural mineral water, and resort spas frequented by tourists. N. fowleri is the etiologic agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), an acute fatal disease of the central nervous system that results in death in approximately seven days. Previously thought to be a rare condition, the number of reported PAM cases is increasing each year. PAM is difficult to diagnose because the clinical signs of the disease are similar to bacterial meningitis. Thus, the key to diagnosis is physician awareness and clinical suspicion. With the intent of creating awareness among travel medicine practitioners and the tourism industry, this review focuses on the presenting features of N. fowleri and PAM and offers insight into the prevention and treatment of the disease.Swimming with death: Naegleria fowleri infections in recreational waters - Corrected ProofTravis W. Heggie10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.06.001Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2010)2010-07-14Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease2010-07-14http://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/article/PIIS1477893910000979/abstract?rss=yesSummary: Tick-borne encephalitis is a zoonosis, endemic in a vast area of Europe and Asia. Clinical spectrum of the disease ranges from mild meningitis to severe meningoencephalitis with or without paralysis. Rare clinical manifestations are an abortive form of the disease and a chronic progressive form. A post-encephalitic syndrome, causing long-lasting morbidity that often affects the quality of life and sometimes also forces the individual to a change in lifestyle, develops in 35–58% of patients after acute tick-borne encephalitis. Clinical course and outcome vary by subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus causing infection. Severity of the disease increases with the age of patients. The risk of incomplete recovery is higher for patients who have more severe clinical illness during acute stage of tick-borne encephalitis.What tick-borne encephalitis may look like: Clinical signs and symptoms - Corrected ProofPetra Bogovic, Stanka Lotric-Furlan, Franc Strle10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.05.011Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2010)2010-07-09Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease2010-07-09http://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/article/PIIS1477893910000682/abstract?rss=yesSummary: Recent case reports of viral hemorrhagic fever in Europe and the United States have raised concerns about the possibility for increased importation of filoviruses to non-endemic areas. This emerging threat is concerning because of the increase in global air travel and the rise of tourism in central and eastern Africa and the greater dispersion of military troops to areas of infectious disease outbreaks. Marburg viruses (MARV) and Ebola viruses (EBOV) have been associated with outbreaks of severe hemorrhagic fever involving high mortality (25–90% case fatality rates). First recognized in 1967 and 1976 respectively, subtypes of MARV and EBOV are the only known viruses of the Filoviridae family, and are among the world’s most virulent pathogens. This article focuses on information relevant for health care practitioners in travel medicine to include, the epidemiology and clinical features of filovirus infection and efforts toward development of a filovirus vaccine.Filovirus emergence and vaccine development: A perspective for health care practitioners in travel medicine - Corrected ProofUzma N. Sarwar, Sandra Sitar, Julie E. Martin Ledgerwood10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.05.003Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2010)2010-06-28Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease2010-06-28INVITED SUBMISSIONhttp://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/article/PIIS1477893910000724/abstract?rss=yesSummary: The increase of TBE cases in Europe has become a problem of international public health and travel medicine, because it is not only of concern for endemic areas, but also for visitors from non-endemic countries.Although highly effective modern vaccines are on the market in 28 European countries, there are still 7, mainly Eastern European, countries with no or an uncertain number of cases and without licensed modern vaccines. The prevailing danger for travellers, however, lies in underestimation and not awareness of the disease by public authorities, travel agencies and by the travellers themselves, a lack of mandatory notifications and sometimes a lack of financial resources. Outside Europe TBE has mostly not been recognized as a travel associated disease. Recommendation for travellers to endemic countries and suggestions to extra-European travellers and health authorities as well as vaccination advices are summarized in this paper.Tick borne encephalitis TBE – Vaccination in non-endemic countries - Corrected ProofUrsula Wiedermann10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.05.007Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2010)2010-06-28Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease2010-06-28FIRST LOOK-STUDENT RESEARCHhttp://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/article/PIIS1477893910000967/abstract?rss=yesSummary: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is caused by Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), one of the most prevalent arboviruses in Europe and in many parts of Asia. Transmission of TBEV to humans usually occurs by bite of an infected tick or rarely by ingestion of unpasteurized milk products of infected livestock. TBEV infection induces an innate and adaptive immune response, nevertheless it is able to replicate in several cell types of the immune system at the same time which probably contributes to the spread of the virus in the human host. Furthermore, TBEV can enter the central nervous system (CNS) by yet not well understood mechanisms via the blood brain barrier (BBB) or the olfactory neurons which leads to serious neurological disorders like meningitis, encephalitis or even meningoencephalitis. In this article we review the known facts and possible hypotheses of interaction of TBEV with components of the mammalian immune system and their implications for TBEV-mediated pathogenesis.Tick-borne encephalitis virus and the immune response of the mammalian host - Corrected ProofBastian Dörrbecker, Gerhard Dobler, Martin Spiegel, Frank T. Hufert10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.05.010Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2010)2010-06-28Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease2010-06-28http://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/article/PIIS1477893910000712/abstract?rss=yesSummary: Travel associated Legionnaires’ disease represents a significant cause of travel associated respiratory tract infections and impacts disproportionately on otherwise healthy individuals as a consequence of their travel abroad or within their own country. Because of the propensity of these bacteria to colonize man-made water systems, legionellosis are frequently reported in travelers who stayed in accommodations sites such as hotels or cruise ships. Since the discovery of this new pathogen and the creation of surveillance networks, the number of reported travel associated legionellosis cases have increased regularly. Education of physicians about the association of Legionnaires’ disease with travel and the use of appropriate diagnostic tests and therapy can result in a reduction in morbidity and mortality due to this important cause of community-acquired pneumonia.Legionella infections and travel associated legionellosis - Corrected ProofCyril Guyard, Donald E. Low10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.05.006Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2010)2010-06-17Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease2010-06-17http://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/article/PIIS1477893910000943/abstract?rss=yesSummary: Yellow fever is a mosquito-borne disease, which can cause serious illness. The World Health Organization (WHO) requires travellers to have vaccination against Yellow fever for all international travel going into and from Yellow fever endemic areas in order to prevent the spread of this potentially deadly disease. Only clinics and hospitals authorised by health departments of national governments can administer the disease. Yellow fever vaccination centres are often subject to inspection in many countries, although the requirements for Yellow fever vaccinators (YFV) vary from country to country. In New Zealand, approval of YFV now requires specific postgraduate training in travel medicine or its equivalent, as well as continuing professional development to maintain this status. It is expected that this will assist in improving standards of travel medicine practice in New Zealand.Linking yellow fever vaccinator approval and renewal with training in travel medicine in New Zealand - Corrected ProofBrigid O’Brien, Peter A. Leggat10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.05.008Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2010)2010-06-17Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease2010-06-17INVITED SUBMISSIONhttp://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/article/PIIS1477893910000700/abstract?rss=yesSummary: Australia is a climatically diverse country varying from a tropical climate in the north to arid central desert and grassland regions, and to temperate climates in the south. There are many viral infections found in Australia that are common to developed countries worldwide, but this article will focus on those that pose a special risk for travellers to Australia, especially the mosquito-borne viruses. The commonest are the members of the alphavirus genus, particularly Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus, which cause predominantly arthralgia with or without fever or rash. Less frequent but more serious illness is seen with the encephalitic flaviviruses, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, and the Kunjin strain of West Nile virus. In addition dengue occurs intermittently on the northern part of Queensland, and in recent years Japanese encephalitis virus has been found in the Torres Strait Islands and the tip of far north Queensland. Also of interest, but with a much lower risk, are the bat-borne viruses, Hendra virus and Australian bat lyssavirus, that have caused a small number of human infections. However, it is important to remember that most tourists pass through other countries in the Asia/Pacific region on their way to and from Australia and may therefore have acquired infections prior to or after leaving Australia.The viruses of Australia and the risk to tourists - Corrected ProofDavid W. Smith, David J. Speers, John S. Mackenzie10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.05.005Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2010)2010-06-14Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease2010-06-14http://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/article/PIIS1477893910000736/abstract?rss=yesSummary: The epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in Hong Kong has changed over the past decade but still poses a significant public health risk. We provided a comprehensive review of the epidemiological information and analysed the trends of major vector-borne diseases, including the vector situation in Hong Kong. The incidence of malaria has dropped dramatically in the past few decades and is now mainly an imported disease acquired from malaria endemic countries. Locally acquired dengue fever occurred in 2002 and 2003, and thereafter all cases were imported, mainly from Southeast Asia areas. Only a few local cases of Japanese encephalitis were reported in the past decade. In contrast, there is a notable increase in scrub typhus and spotted fever cases. The emergence of chikungunya fever in Asia and Indian Ocean countries also resulted in importation of human cases. Given the heavy traffic between this international city and other parts of the world, as well as the presence of vectors in this densely populated area, vigilance should be maintained against these infections. Comprehensive public health measures encompassing disease surveillance, vector surveillance and control measures with support from all sectors of the community are required to combat the old and newly emerging vector-borne diseases in Hong Kong.Review of vector-borne diseases in Hong Kong - Corrected ProofSiu-keung Edmond Ma, Wang, Christine Wong, Chi-wah, Ryan Leung, Sik-to, Thomas Lai, Yee-chi, Janice Lo, Kai-hay, Howard Wong, Man-chung Chan, Tak-lun Que, Ka-wai, Mary Chow, Ming-chi Yuen, Tin-wai, Winnie Lau, John Simon10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.01.004Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2010)2010-06-14Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease2010-06-14http://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/article/PIIS1477893910000955/abstract?rss=yesEditor, I read the recent publication on tungiasis with a great interest. Hakeem et al. reported on a case of a traveller presenting with painful foot lesions. Hakeem et al. concluded that “The ability of physicians to recognise tungiasis early will be immensely beneficial to patients.” Indeed, a painful foot lesion after coming back from an endemic area is an important history. Other ectopic localization of tungiasis can also be detected. Superimposed infection may be seen in tungiasis. Nevertheless, the unusual skin lesion as crusted, pustular and bullous can also be observed and may lead to delayed diagnosis of tungiasis.Tungiasis among traveller - Corrected ProofViroj Wiwanitkit10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.05.009Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2010)2010-06-14Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease2010-06-14CORRESPONDENCEhttp://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/article/PIIS1477893910000657/abstract?rss=yesIn a recent publication in this journal, Gautret and Wilder-Smith discussed the risk and vaccine recommendations for tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis and poliomyelitis for adult travellers. In the section “Travel-associated diphtheria”, the authors state that “a diphtheria toxoid is not manufactured as a monovalent vaccine, it is usually given in combination with tetanus toxoid or in combination with pertussis and/or poliomyelitis”.Adsorbed monovalent diphtheria vaccine - Corrected ProofMichael Bröker10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.04.009Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2010)2010-06-07Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease2010-06-07CORRESPONDENCEhttp://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/article/PIIS1477893910000670/abstract?rss=yesMost travellers encounter some kind of health problem whilst they are abroad. Despite the best travel health advice, it is useful for the traveller to have access to a ready reference to help them deal with minor ailments and injuries and to direct them to seek medical advice with more serious medical problems. There are many printed travel health reference publications available on the market today, specifically designed for travellers. However, these may be quickly superseded by media such as Travel Health, which appears to be the first application (or “app”) of its type for iPhones, although other applications are sure to follow. Travel Health is the creation of Deborah Mills, author of the popular Australian travellers’ health reference, Travelling Well, and the present application is based on this “tried and tested” publication.Travel Medicine – English - Corrected ProofPeter A. Leggat10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.05.002Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2010)2010-06-04Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease2010-06-04BOOK REVIEWhttp://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/article/PIIS1477893910000694/abstract?rss=yesSummary: This article introduces Japanese vaccinations and practices, focusing on polio and pertussis.Japan is one of the few industrialized countries still using live attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Current status of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in Japan is discussed. This review is intended to encourage early conversion of OPV to inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) for the routine vaccination as soon as possible.The other topic pertains to the results of a study designed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the Japanese DPT vaccine in adults when administered at the dose of 0.2ml (2/5th of the ordinary dose). In Japan, there is no system for providing advice to adults on vaccination once the childhood schedule is completed. The author, however, wishes to propose here that if the currently approved DPT vaccine can be better utilized as Tdap, we may improve the means for disease prophylaxis.Japanese vaccinations and practices, with particular attention to polio and pertussis - Corrected ProofTakashi Nakano10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.05.004Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2010)2010-06-04Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease2010-06-04REVIEWhttp://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/article/PIIS1477893910000669/abstract?rss=yesSummary: Sleeping sickness (or Human African Trypanosomiasis, HAT) is a potentially fatal parasitic disease that affects a large proportion of sub-Saharan Africa. It was epidemic in the early 20th century before being nearly eradicated through a variety of control programmes. Despite this, there was a resurgence in the 1980s and 90s following relaxation of these programmes. Recent advances are reversing this trend once more. However, more research is required to improve diagnosis and treatment, and to better understand the epidemiology of HAT if complete eradication is to be achieved in the future.Time to put out the lights on sleeping sickness? - Corrected ProofCamus Nimmo10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.05.001Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2010)2010-06-03Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease2010-06-03FIRST LOOK - STUDENT RESEARCHhttp://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/article/PIIS147789391000044X/abstract?rss=yesSummary: As high altitude travel increases, acute mountain sickness (AMS) and life threatening high altitude cerebral oedema (HACE) are becoming more prevalent. Acute mountain sickness occurs in 45% of lowlanders above 4250 m. Predisposing factors are still unknown and its development is more complex than the original “tight fit” hypothesis. This review examines evidence relating to a possible role of the blood brain barrier in AMS as suggested by MRI studies. Underlying mechanisms may involve vascular endothelial growth factor and free radicals in addition to increases in hydrostatic pressure. An increased understanding is important in advising patients planning high altitude adventures.Current studies have linked increased blood brain barrier permeability to high altitude cerebral oedema, but the role of the blood brain barrier in acute mountain sickness is less clear; varied symptoms include headache. MRI shows vasogenic oedema occurs in high altitude cerebral oedema, suggesting blood brain barrier permeability increases, and acute mountain sickness typically precedes high altitude cerebral oedema. Hypoxia leads to increased hydrostatic pressure, and blood brain barrier permeability has been shown to increase in stroke patients. Vascular endothelial growth factor is upregulated in hypoxia, and may increase blood brain barrier permeability.What role does the blood brain barrier play in acute mountain sickness? - Corrected ProofAlex Baneke10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.04.006Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2010)2010-05-24Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease2010-05-24FIRST LOOK-STUDENT RESEARCHhttp://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/article/PIIS1477893908000100/abstract?rss=yesThe Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published in Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.01.006. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.WITHDRAWN: CDC Health Information for International Travel 2008, M. Arguin Paul, E. Kozarsky Phyllis, Reed Christie. Elsevier Mosby, Atlanta, USA (2008) (xiv)+627pp, GBP19, Paperback, ISBN: 978-0-323-04885-9 - Corrected ProofPeter A. Leggat10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.01.006Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2008)2008-03-10Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease2008-03-10